• International Standards:

• A unified, structured system to facilitate co-ordination and co-operation throughout all levels
• The structure of an agency and its place in the government is clearly outlined
• A sine qua non for management of irregular migration is the existence of an adequate set-up and sufficient capacities of the relevant authorities
• A coordinated approach to the gathering of information on legal and illegal migration
• Comprehensive standard operating procedures must be updated regularly

• Sources:

• Draft SADC Guidelines for Coordinated Border Management
• Guidelines for integrated border management in European external cooperation, 2010
• 2010 (EU IBM guidelines), p. 36 ff. and 54 ff.
• A Practical Guide on Best Practices and Tools for Implementation, 2011
• (SADC guidelines), p. 42 ff.

• International Standards:

• Proper training, including in country and specialized training of relevant officials, for proper functioning of migration management
• Components of the training
• Induction training, covering everything required to operate effectively at the border and inland
• National immigration law
• International legal norms and principles and best practices relating to immigration, asylum-seekers and refugees
• Identification and registration of migrants
• Protection of vulnerable categories
• Management of immigration detention facilities
• Management of expulsion, deportation and assisted voluntary return in line with national law and international standards, including international human rights law
• Provision of humanitarian assistance
• Language training, in particular, English
• Training for managers, particularly on how to work with colleagues from different departments, army, police, etc.
• Computer skills

• Sources:

• Guidelines for integrated border management in European external cooperation, 2010
• (EU IBM guidelines), p.46

• International Standards:

• Proper functioning of coordination and cooperation processes between key actors
• A coordinated approach to information-gathering
• Cooperation at all levels of the agency or ministry both horizontally and vertically
• Inter-agency arrangements. The provisions of the agreements should include:
• Information and data exchange obligations and mechanisms
• Joint risk analysis and/or sharing of risk assessment reports
• Day-to-day cooperation procedures at Border Crossing Points and inland, including joint operations and controls
• Joint training
• Sharing of equipment and facilities, and joint procurement
• Early warning and contingency plans

• Sources:

• Guidelines for integrated border management in European external cooperation, 2010
• (EU IBM guidelines), p. 36 ff. and 53 ff.
• Draft SADC Guidelines for Coordinated Border Management
• A Practical Guide on Best Practices and Tools for Implementation, 2011
• 2011 (SADC guidelines), p. 45 ff.), p. 42 ff.

• International Standards:

• Management of border crossing points (BCPs)
• A functioning central authority responsible for managing all issues relating to and overseeing the work of BCPs, whether airports, land border crossing points or ports
• A clear division of tasks between border management agencies
• The chain of command between policy and operational levels is outlined
• Networked systems allowing for quick and easy connection from the centre to the BCPs
• A recordkeeping database
• Acts that are offences are clearly defined and corresponding penalties have been clearly stated
• Responsibilities of border security personnel
• Conduct of border checks
• Screening, searching and establishing the identity of persons
• Providing case management and legal advice
• Providing formal status and documentation
• Applying basic human health, plants and plant product, animal and food and feed checks on behalf of other services
• Crime Prevention
• Border surveillance
• Information gathering, recording and sharing
• Confidentiality and respect for privacy
• Investigations
• Asylum-seekers
• Restraint in the use of force
• Law enforcement
• Specific responsibilities for customs agencies:
  
  • Inspect vehicles and persons crossing the border
  • Ensure that all goods or animals transported are declared and compliant with legislation and prohibitions and restrictions protecting the safety and security of citizens and the environment
  • Check validity, authenticity and accuracy of documents
  • Issue documents and certificates
  • Collect revenues and duties
  • Conduct investigations and operations to combat smuggling and fraud
  • Collect statistics, gather and analyse information in order to identify and counter risks to the security of the border
  • Assist in the surveillance of the border
  • Provide support for search and rescue operations

1. Rights of border security personnel

• Sources:

• Guidelines for integrated border management in European external cooperation, 2010
• (EU IBM guidelines), p. 29, 30, 35 ff, 47 ff, 53 ff, 58 ff.
• Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council (15 March 2006) establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code): Article 12
• Council of the European Union, Commission Recommendation establishing a common “Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)” to be used by Member States’ competent authorities when carrying out the border control of persons (November 2006): Part II, Section I,11; Part III
• “Ethics of Border Security”, Centre for the Study of Global Ethics University of Birmingham, commissioned by Frontex, (ethics study), p. 29
• Asylum Processes (fair and efficient asylum procedures), prepared by UNHCR for the Global Consultations on International Protection, p. 2001, point 50 i).
• Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, Article 3.
• Guideline 19, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Returns, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 2005 (Twenty Guidelines on Forced Returns)